Author, director, operator, script writer and set designer of experimental animated films, born in Lodz in 1949.

Having completed his secondary education at the School of Fine Arts in Warsaw and having worked for a year as an animator at the Miniature Film Study, Rybczyński went to study at the camera operation faculty of the Lodz National Higher School of Film, Theatre and TV. As a member of a vanguard group Warsztat Formy Filmowej, Rybczyński did the camerawork on a few etudes as well as feature and short films, including three films by Andrzej Baranski, a documentary "Wanda Gosciminska - Wlokniarka" by Wojciech Wiszniewski, and a feature "Dancing Hawk " by Grzegorz Krolikiewicz.

Upon graduation in 1973, Rybczyński went on to make animated films at the Se-Ma-For Study in Lodz. He spent two years in Vienna on a Polish Film contract, mostly teaching. After "Tango", a film produced at Se-Ma-For, had won an Oscar in 1983, Rybczyński decided to stay and work in the US, initially making short video films and music videos commissioned by TV channels. In 1986 he started using High Definition, a computer-integrated system, and in 1987 opened his own studio, Zbig Vision Studio, in Hoboken near New York. Rybczyński became a highly popular maker of music videos, creating approximately 30 of them in a span of three years, including the masterpiece work to John Lennon's "Imagine", commonly regarded as a film rather than a music video. Zbig Vision Studio produced commercial spots as well, yet it is memorable as the place where Rybczyński's most interesting works in the HD system were produced, including "Stairs", "Fourth Dimension", "Orchestra" and "Kafka". At the time Rybczyński worked closely with the late painter Milosz Benedyktowicz, using his set design ideas. In 1992 Rybczyński, who had veered from commerce to more ambitious art, was no longer able to support the production and was forced to close his Studio.

In 1994-2001 Rybczyński stayed in Germany, working at the Centrum für Neue Bildgestaltung (CBF) in Berlin, an international experimental film centre which he had co-founded, and lecturing at the Kunsthochschule für Medien in Koeln. In 2001 he returned to the US to work on new computer software for film production.

Rybczyński's top achievement to date has been the 1982 American Film Academy Oscar award in the Best Short Feature Cartoon category for "Tango". Interestingly, it was the first ever Oscar awarded to a Pole and to a Polish film production.

Rybczyński is also a winner of other prestigious awards, including the Grand Prix at Oberhausen for "New Book" in 1976 and "Tango" from 1981 as well as the Golden Lion for the best teledisc awarded to "Imagine" at Cannes w 1987 and Prix Italia for "Orchestra" in 1991.

Film critics tend to hail Zbigniew Rybczyński the contemporary Mélies.

"Rybczyński - writes Marcin Giżycki ("Projekt" 3/4 1987) - belongs to the line Mélies's descendants, the cinematic craftsmen combining extraordinary plastic imagination with an aptitude for inventingand constructing, and endowed with Benedictine patience".

In his book "The Sorcerer's Lantern", Aleksander Jackiewicz called films by Georges Mélies, the late nineteenth and early twentieth century pioneer of feature cinematography, "prestidigitatory" in the most favourable sense of the word. The same can be said of works by Rybczyński. Like Mélies', Rybczyński's films ("Stairs", "Orchestra", "Orkiestra", "Kafka") are referred to as performances, and there is the shared propensity to scorn and use self-irony. Rybczyński bowed to the author of "Trip to the Moon", reaching for his unrealised script of The Duel.

According to what he said in a number of interviews, Rybczyński went to study camerawork so that he could make films entirely on his own rather than relying on cooperation between the director and the cameramen. The camera work he did for his friend, director Andrzej Barański, as well as his later work for Bogdan Dziworski, Wojciech Wiszniewski, Filip Bajon and others were a prelude to his own projects. The only full-length feature in which he was involved, Grzegorz Krolikiewicz's "Dancing Hawk" from 1977, was deemed by Rybczyński a lucky choice given the director's creative attitude to the composition of the shots.

Parallel to that, from 1972 Rybczyński worked on his own films, notably "Square", "Take Five" and "Plamuz". These early works, in which Rybczyński experimented with the form, are characterised by the prominence of dynamic, changing abstract forms and synchronisation of the picture with the music. "Soup" (1974), showing the ordinary daily routine presented in a way unattainable by the senses, was the first film to delineate the artistic path which Rybczyński would consistently follow in his later productions.

Rybczyński thus explains his artistic creed in an interview given to the film critic Tadeusz Sobolewski:

"The film was invented to register the world. Yet then they noticed that if more pictures were shot and then played at a normal speed, you would see the world in a slow motion. The camera that was meant to re-create the reality started to see much more than we do" ("Zbigniew Rybczyński. Traveller to the Land of the Impossible". A collective work, Warsaw 2000).

Rybczyński, who considers the human perception of the world limited and relative, looks for ways to find a new point of view and wants to see more, better and differently, for example a few places at one time, like in "New Book", or one place at many times, like in "Tango", and involves the spectator with the play with time and space. Tadeusz Sobolewski has called the trick of dividing the screen into parts, used by Rybczyński in "New Book", "the simultaneity of story-telling". Rybczyński enhanced it further in the famous two-minute commercial of the "GMF Group" insurance company, showing simultaneously a number of scenes of daily lives of families dwelling in a twelve-storey high-rise, each floor symbolising a different life stage.

Rybczyński does not need to reach out for heavy-weight topics to achieve the goal of playing with time and space, his films such as "Soup", "New Book", "Holiday" or "Tango" being a sort of exercises in a new perception of trivial events. The stories of Rybczyński's films are either extremely basic, next to none, like in his works made in Poland (involving huge effort and modest technology), or, conversely, complicated as dream visions, like in his later output.

Rybczyński is fascinated with creating new worlds, his own reality:

"I want people to look at films without regarding them as imitations of the world", said Rybczyński in the aforementioned interview.

His role-models are Walt Disney, the creator of the cartoon reality of the world, as well as Chaplin and Lucas

"who did not imitate the reality, but enriched it ".

Rybczyński builds the world of his films in a Demiurgic manner, making creative use of archetypal motifs, clichés and pastiches of well-known works. This is what Miłosz Benedyktowicz, a painter who worked for a few years with Rybczyński, says of him:

"What he creates is basically a manipulation of time and space. He is not much interested in reality or history of art at the moment -he borrows freely from all painting as needed" (The meaning of "Orchestra". A discussion at the Institute of Art of the Polish Academy of Sciences, "Kino" no. 2/1991).

Rybczyński's artistic goals make him reach out far:

"Frankly speaking, confessed Rybczyński to Tadeusz Sobolewski, it would be wonderful to have a technique allowing to make paintings and whatever scenes, landscapes, props you want. To free oneself from the reality, from the so-called realism, which is not realism at all. To free oneself from the realism of the circumstances existing only and exclusively at a certain place and time, for the reality is in us and not in some "objective" world. The world exists in our imagination, in our experiences, memories, conjectures, anxieties".

Rybczyński's fascination with the High Definition system, for which he forsook the traditional camera, was born out of the technological potential he sensed in this way of filming, and it is owing to this system that Rybczyński started to create new worlds. The technological capabilities of HD provide for an integrated use of a video tape and a computer, and so the montage capabilities are huge.

"A traditional film picture", said Rybczyński in an interview given to Maria Kornatowska in 1987, "once fixed on the tape, can be modified only to a small extent and the montage combinations are limited. The electronic picture can be electronically processed to create a new reality, non-existent in front of the camera. You can make non-existent sceneries, remove people and objects from the shots and bring them in exactly where you would dream them to be. You can make all sorts of wonders, play a sorcerer".

Sometimes one picture in a film by Rybczyński will consist of a few dozen separately photographed elements. They can be of any size, and there can be actors moving in-between.

"I have built a machine making moving pictures", says Rybczyński to Tadeusz Sobolewski. "I have put all sorts of things, such as a wall, in front of the camera lens, and the machine builds, say, a picture of a room from that wall".

Movement, rhythm, repeatability are complicated things. The equipment which Rybczyński has made allows him to produce the effect of flowing or rotating spaces, such as in "Manhattan", "Washington" or "Orchestra".

Unlike most people, Rybczyński's reaching out for technology was not intended to make his job easier. Indeed, he worked on his American films as hard as he did on his "craftsman's" Tango, employing a whole group of people, making detailed calculations and looking for a new quality. His was undoubtedly a carefully planned pursuit of a new way of composing cinematic events. Ryszard Ciarka attempted the following definition of Rybczyński's pursuits:

"The substance of animation in all of Rybczyński's films is the pre-registered reality. All of his films are about the same thing: searching for different ways of creating the film narrative, attempting to break away from the limitations of montage, sequential shots and plans and moving to one plan" (in: "Zbigniew Rybczyński. Traveller to the Land of the Impossible").

There is no challenging Rybczyński's formal accomplishments, and stories about him focus primarily on analysing his technique. Yet the message of his films, however equivocal, is important, too. Asked about it, Rybczyński hardly ever gives an exhaustive answer. The prominent theme of his films is usually referred to as "travelling through life" or "reflection on human fate", that is on the banality and inevitability of all the events from birth to death and of the death itself. Can this be reconciled with all of the prestidigitatory, technological tricks applied in his works? The answer is yes, for Rybczyński's art successfully bridges all such contradictions.

Krystyna Janicka said of Rybczyński's films that they were

"an exclusive art, exceptionally beautiful and at the same time folksy, free of self-importance and whims ... all the time playing and joking, even though deep down you can sense serious talk. Something like the Mobius strip of which Rybczyński makes the burning circus ring for lions to jump through ("Lying flat in front of Rybczyński", Film no 1/1991).

While it would be unfair to Rybczyński to see no more than technological experiments in his works, he himself avoids talking about existential depths and metaphysics when interviewed. His statements suggest that he is simply disgusted by the cliches smacking of school- children's composition, such as 'the human fate", "the drama of human existence" and the like. This is not to say that the topic as such is alien to him.

This is how Bogdan Dziworski remembers his conversation with Rybczyński:

"Do you know how many seconds lasts life? I say I do not know, and Zbyszek says well, on the average, some number of billions, and then says look, do you know how much I have lived so far, and starts counting how many billion seconds have passed for him, and falls asleep in the middle of this sum. That's Zbyszek!".

Filmography:

Direction, script-writing, camerawork:

• 1972 "Take Five"
  
• 1973 "Kwadrat (Square)"
  
• 1973 "Plamuz". Awards: 1985 - "Jazz Film Saloon International Music Film Festival", Wrocław, 1st prize in the music film category)
  
• 1974 "Zupa (Soup)". A man wakes up and starts his day before going to work. A surrealist dream turns into a horrible reality, shown in a special way, from an uncommon point of view, such as tooth-brushing seen from the inside of the mouth cavity. The colours are also strange, different from what they look like to the human eye. Things are larger, as if seen through a looking glass, repulsive, and represent a symbolic image of the overwhelming reality.
  Awards: 1975 - International Animated Film Festival, Kraków, Silver Dragon (Grand Prix); 1978 - International Film Festival in Chicago, Golden Badge.
  
• 1975 "Nowa książka (New Book)" (camerawork with Jerzy Zieliński). A simple story of a man in a red coat and hat who leaves his house to get something done in an office. He goes by bus and on his way steps into a bookshop to buy a book. The office is closed. He comes back three times, meets a friend and spends a short while with her in a cafe, finally going back home. Rybczyński's experiment involves splitting the screen into nine parts so that the spectator can simultaneously watch all nine town locations. All of them are critical to the story even though the protagonist, the man in the red coat, may not be there, for there is always some action happening in his absence. For instance, the girl who also was on the bus, starts a quarrel with construction workers who splashed paint on her, finds support from a soldier and soon they leave together. Other events involving other people are also shown.
  Awards: 1976 - Grand Prix at the International Festival of Short Films in Oberhausen; 1977 - Grand Prix at the National Festival of Short Films in Krakow; Mention at the International Festival of Short Films in Huesca; 3rd prize at the International Festival of Documentaries in Melbourne.
  
• 1975 "Oj, nie moge sie zatrzymac (Oh, I Cannot Stop!)". A story of a monster which, moving at an enormous speed, devours whatever comes across on its way: people, animals, cars, buildings. The speed accelerates every minute, the objects falling into the monster's mouth at a break-neck speed. The massacre has been filmed using the so-called subjective camera and the viewers watch it from the point of view of the monster, it remaining unseen.
  
• 1976 "Lokomotywa (Train Engine)" (after "Lokomotywa", a poem by Julian Tuwim). Made with the use of classical cartoon animation and combined photographs, the film adds more funnies to Tuwim's rhyme.
  Awards: 1977- Brown Goats at the Festival of Children's Film in Poznan.
  
• 1976 "Święto (Holiday)". Distant relatives visit a family living in a house at the outskirts of a city or in a small town. Rybczyński shows boring, routine, meaningless activities, stripped down to empty gestures and devoid of any beauty, shot as a documentary and colour-processed. The automatic nature of the activities is emphasised by repeated, rhythmical reversal of tape in certain situations, such as kissing and hugging when saying hello and parting.
  Awards: 1977 - Short Films Festival - DKF Zygzakiem, Warsaw, Audience Prize.
  
• 1976 "Weg zum Nachbarn (Way to Neighbour)". Made in Austria; its later version, slightly modified and called "Friday - Saturday", was made in Poland. While the male protagonist falls asleep at a sign-post, the world turns - literally - upside-down and then bounces back, with only the sign-post turned around.
  
• 1977 "Piątek - Sobota ( Friday - Saturday)". A Polish version of "Weg zum Nachbarn".
  
• 1979 "Mein Fenster (My Window)", made in Austria.
  
• 1980 "Media". The film combines three realities: of the TV screen, of the montage table screen and of a room. "The title might suggest, writes Marcin Gizycki, that the author was after something more than a play of illusion, that his intention was to show that the reality of the media is only seemingly a reflection of reality, while in fact the media always, in one way or another, manipulate our consciousness" (Projekt, 3-4 1987).
  
• 1980 "Sceny narciarskie z Franzem Klammerem (Skiing Scenes with Franz Klammer" - jointly with Bogdan Dziworsk. An impressionistic image of the Austrian skier (no dialogues).
  
• 1980 "Tango". The plot, or rather the plots, are set in a passage room. Initially empty, the room gets increasingly populous and the plots mushroom. A ball falls inside the room and a boy comes in through the open windows to take it. Other people appear and perform simple activities, for example a woman changes her baby's diaper, another woman gets dressed, a man eats soup at the table, another man puts a parcel on a cupboard, someone steals the parcel shortly afterwards, etc. The activities of these people get repeated a number of times to the rhythm of the tango and take place simultaneously so that some 30 people stay in the room at the culminating point, never criss-crossing, a result of the director's painstaking calculations and Benedictine work. Assuming that the protagonists appear on the screen at the same time and pass without noticing one another, the film has been interpreted as a symbolic tale of alienation, or even of paucity of housing in the communist Poland (!). Given Rybczyński's interest in time and space, it seems more appropriate to interpret "Tango" as an attempt to show a number of tenses in one place, for the audience sees simultaneously people who stayed in the room at different times - "the room's memory of its tenants", to use the words of Ryszard Ciarka.
  Major awards: 1981 - Brazowy Lajkonik - Grand Prix of the National Short Films Festival in Krakow; Grand Prix and an ex aequo FIPRESCI award at the IFFF at Oberhausen; Special Jury Award and Audience Award at the IFFF in Huesca; Grand Prix and Audience Award at the IFFF in Annency; 1983 - OSCAR 1983 for the Best Animated Short Film.
  
• 1981 " Wdech-Wydech (Breathe in, Breathe out)" jointly with Bogdan Dziworski. A funny film about patients in a spa.
  
• 1984 "The Day Before" - video.
  
• 1984 "The Discreet Charm of Diplomacy" - video.
  
• 1987 "Steps" - video. Rybczyński introduces contemporary American tourists into the famous Odessa stairway scene of Eisenstein's "The Battleship Potemkin", creating a compelling illusion of the two worlds merging together. The tourists appear among Eisenstein's protagonists as if they were visiting the black-and-white film, and mix into it. One of them films Eisenstein's macabre scenes, the way tourists do. "Depending which aspect grabs our attention most, writes Marek Hendrykowski, the film can be interpreted in three different ways: as science-fiction of the technotronic age; as a happening with elements of a thriller; or as a piercing socio-political satire".
  Awards: 1987 - ITS Monitor Award; Special Award of the IFF Rio; 1989 - Premio Internazionale Leonardo, Milan, for contribution to video art).
  
• 1988 "The Fourth Dimension" - video.
  
• 1988 "Duel" - HD system (after G. Mélies's scenario).
  
• 1988 "Fluff" - HD system HD.
  
• 1990 "L'Orchestre (Orchestra)" - HD system. An oniric work rich in cultural references, split into a few sequences illustrated with classical music pieces. Line many other films by Rybczyński, this one too illustrates the symbolic course of human life, with a hearse appearing at the beginning and the end. The stream of pictures flowing through the film has a symbolic significance. "The way the human fate is presented, said Tadeusz Sobolewski in a discussion at the Institute of Art of the Polish Academy of Sciences, holistically, in one picture, is reminiscent of medieval or renaissance allegories".
  Major awards: 1990 - Special Award of the International Film Festival of Electronic Films, Tokio-Montreuex; EMMY Award for outstanding achievement in the area of special effects; 1991 - Prix Italia for special effects; 1991 - Grand Prix at A.V.A. Festival, Tokyo).
  
• 1991 "Manhattan" - HD system.
  
• 1991 "Washington" - HD system
  
• 1992 "Kafka" - HD system. In his explanatory notes, Rybczyński calls it a maze-film combining various works by Kafka. The protagonists merge into one another, turn into persons from the writer's biography and all of them taken together become Franz Kafka. Everything is constrained to a couple of interiors, transformed on the way.
  Awards: 1992 - Special Award at the International Film Festival of Electronic Films, Tokyo-Montreuex.

Camerawork:

• 1970 "Krete sciezki (Winding Paths)" - sketch (directed by Andrzej Barański).
  
• 1971 "Dzień pracy (Working Day)" - sketch (directed by Andrzej Barański).
  
• 1971 "Kręgle (Bowline)" - sketch (directed by Tadeusz Palka).
  
• 1972 "Application" - sketch (directed by Andrzej Baranski).
  
• 1974 "Chronicle of a Faience Factory" - documentary (directed by Andrzej Papuzinski).
  
• 1974 "Iron Pot" (directed by Wadim Berestowski).
  
• 1974 "Conversation" - TV feature (directed by Piotr Andrejew).
  
• 1975 "Wanda Gościmińska - Włókniarka (Textile Worker)" - documentary (directed by Wojciech Wiszniewski).
  
• 1975 "Groping in the Dark" (jointly with Jerzy Zielinski and Zbigniew Wichlacz; directed by Piotr Andrejew).
  
• 1976 "Wideokaseta (Videocassette)" (directed by Filip Bajon).

Miscellaneous:

Zbigniew Rybczyński is the author of a number of music videos. His most famous work is "Imagine" (1986) to music by John Lennon (awards: 1987 - Special Award at IFF, Rio de Janeiro; Silver Lion for the best music video at IFF Cannes). He has also made music videos for Art of Noise, Chuck Mangione, I Am Siam, Yoko Ono, Mick Jagger, and the Polish group Lady Pank, and a number of commercials, including "GMF Group" (1989).

Zbigniew Rybczyński is the protagonist of two documentaries: "Zbig" (2000) directed by Natalia Koryncka-Gruz and "Tango - Oscar for animation" (2001) directed by Artur "Baron" Wiecek.


Author: Ewa Nawój, March 2004

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